Financial Consolidation: What Is It and How to Perform It?

Key Takeaways:

• Financial consolidation is an accounting process of combining the financial statements of a parent company and its subsidiaries into a single, unified set.
• Financial consolidation provides a holistic picture of your company’s fiscal performance, enables compliance with IFRS/GAAP accounting standards, and facilitates informed, strategic decisions.
• Financial consolidation involves collecting and normalizing data, converting currency as per updated FX rates, eliminating intercompany transactions, performing NCI calculations, consolidating financials, and generating reports.
• Common challenges include disparate data spread across multiple systems, manual processes causing inefficiencies, intercompany complexity, and labor-intensive workflows that extend close cycles.
• To enhance financial consolidation, standardize accounting policies, and automate tasks such as financial data retrieval and transaction matching. Other proven practices include improving internal controls and training your team on consolidation processes.

Let’s suppose your company ABC runs three small businesses under it: ABC Foods, ABC Logistics, and ABC Retail. Each unit operates independently and maintains its financials, including earnings, expenses, assets, and liabilities.

However, you can’t make strategic decisions unless you get complete information on how your organization ABC is performing. Instead, you’ll need to combine three different sets of financial records to view your company’s performance as a whole.

That’s where financial consolidation comes into the picture. It involves collecting financial data from all your business units to create a unified report while ensuring no transaction is counted twice.

This blog explores the concept of financial consolidation, why it’s essential, the challenges involved, and the best practices you must follow to streamline it.

Here’s what you’ll read:

• What is financial consolidation?
• Why financial consolidation maters?
• Who needs financial consolidation?
• Key financial consolidation components and terminology
• The step-by-step financial consolidation process
• Financial Consolidation Methods: Full, Proportionate, and Equity
• Common financial consolidation challenges
• Best practices for financial consolidation
• The role of technology in financial consolidation
• The future of financial consolidation: Innovation and trends

What Is Financial Consolidation?

Financial consolidation refers to the accounting process of gathering, adjusting, and combining financial data from a company’s multiple entities, subsidiaries, or departments to create unified financial statements.

If you ask why this financial consolidation is crucial, the short answer is: it provides a holistic overview of your organization’s financial health, performance, and cash flows.

Plus, consolidation eliminates intercompany transactions to ensure accurate reporting, building trust among key stakeholders, such as investors, regulators, or lenders.

Why Is Financial Consolidation Important?

Financial consolidation is crucial because it provides a unified, transparent view of your company’s financial health, ensures adherence to accounting frameworks such as IFRS/GAAP, facilitates informed strategic decision-making, and enhances stakeholders’ confidence through accurate reporting.

Let’s look at the benefits financial consolidation provides:

1. Provides a unified view of your entire organization’s financial health

When you merge financial data from a parent company and its subsidiaries, it creates a snapshot of your entire business performance. It frees you of the need to analyze reports for individual entities to collect insights.

Further, consolidated financial statements enable high-level managers to spot risks and opportunities that are not possible with disparate data across entities.

2. Enhances regulatory compliance and transparency

Whether you own a public company or a private one with several entities, financial consolidation is often mandatory to stay compliant with accounting standards.

Consolidating financial data from multiple subsidiaries helps eliminate intercompany transactions, such as sales, loans, or service transfers. It prevents under- or overstated revenues, expenses, assets, and liabilities from distorting fiscal reports.

Thus, consolidated financial statements help align your financial reporting with regulatory frameworks, such as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).

Financial consolidation further protects you against penalties from regulatory bodies, such as the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

3. Enhances decision-making

Top leadership depends on accurate data to gather insights into a company’s financial status and make strategic decisions. Financial consolidation provides a clear view of how different business units are performing to determine what’s going well and what needs attention.

For instance, consolidated financials give complete visibility into aspects, such as:

• True profit margins
• Investment returns across business units
• Acquisition opportunities
• Underperforming segments that may require divestment

Based on an analysis of consolidated financial statements, leadership can optimize resource allocation and accurately forecast future budgets and revenues.

4. Increases stakeholders’ confidence

Your stakeholders’ trust is based on how accurately and transparently you report your organization’s financial health. Consolidated financials help investors, partners, or lenders assess a company’s market position and operational effectiveness.

Timely, accurate consolidated financial reports help build trust among your stakeholders, thereby supporting favorable financing terms and business relationships.

Discover how Recogent simplifies multi-entity consolidation with AI-powered automation and real-time visibility. See Recogent in action.

Who Needs Financial Consolidation?

Companies with a parent-subsidiary relationship, meaning one company owns and controls multiple legal entities, require financial consolidation. They can include large enterprises and multinational corporations, mid-sized multi-entity businesses, expanding businesses, private equity and investment firms, and organizations operating internationally.

Any organization controlling multiple entities benefits from consolidated reporting, including these:

• Large enterprises and multinational companies that manage dozens or hundreds of entities across various nations are required to meet regulatory requirements and provide unified reporting to stakeholders.
• Mid-sized multi-entity businesses that operate multiple legal subsidiaries through acquisitions, mergers, or natural business growth must manage intercompany transactions efficiently.
• Fast-growing companies that look to consolidate processes for regulatory compliance as they expand to face increasingly complex transactions in large volumes.
• Private equity and investment firms that manage portfolio companies aim to obtain a consolidated overview of their holdings to identify value-creation opportunities.
• Organizations working across borders that handle transactions spanning multiple currencies, jurisdictions, and regulatory accounting frameworks to ensure accurate currency translation and compliance.

Key Financial Consolidation Components and Terminology

Key components of financial consolidation include the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. The core processes and terminology include parent company, subsidiary, intercompany transactions, and non-controlling interests, standardization, and audit trails.

Parent company: The organization that controls majority stakes in the other companies and combines its own results with those of subsidiaries to create consolidated financials.

Subsidiary: A company that the parent company controls through majority stakes exceeding 50% or majority board representation. Consolidation results in the complete merger of its financial results into the parent’s statements.

Intercompany transactions: Transactions that occur between entities under the same organization, such as sales, loans, or service arrangements. Only by eliminating them can you prevent double-counting and accurately represent external financial activity.

Non-controlling interest (NCI): Also called minority interest, NCI represents the portion of the subsidiary equity that the parent company doesn’t own. When a parent company owns a majority stake but not 100%, consolidated financial statements require separate disclosure of the portion held by other shareholders.

Consolidation adjustments: The entries that you make during consolidation for intercompany eliminations, NCI recording, and modifying consolidated statements to represent the group as a single economic unit.

Foreign currency translation: It refers to converting a foreign subsidiary’s financial statements from its regional currency to the parent’s reporting currency using appropriate exchange rates for balance sheet and income statement items.

The Step-by-Step Financial Consolidation Process

The financial consolidation requires you to set standards and timelines, collect and normalize data, convert currency in accordance with international standards, eliminate intercompany transactions, clarify accounting policies for NCI holdings, consolidate financial statements, and generate reports.

Set standards and timelines

Set synchronized reporting periods and standardized accounting policies across all entities.

The first step in financial consolidation is to establish a consistent reporting frequency to ensure all your entities close their books at the same time. Plus, accounting policies must be uniform for your parent company and subsidiaries.

Synchronizing accounting policies requires you to standardize depreciation calculation methods and revenue recognition approaches across all subsidiaries.

If you operate internationally, consolidation requires you to align your regional reporting with the parent company’s requirements while complying with local regulations.

Collect and normalize data

Collecting trial balances, aligning charts of accounts, and preparing for consolidation integrity.

Do you know what underlies accurate consolidation? It’s efficient data collection.

In this step, your finance teams collect complete financial statements from each entity, including trial balances that provide account-level information. They also map the local chart of accounts to your corporate structure, ensuring consistency.

Check your data for inconsistencies, missed entries, or currency mismatches. Create standardized frameworks and automate data feeds to minimize manual collection effort while reducing associated manual-entry errors, such as omissions.

Convert currency types based on international considerations

Explaining conversion processes for multinational entities and resulting adjustments.

Organizations with global operations use suitable exchange rates to convert the financial statements of foreign subsidiaries into the parent organization’s reporting currency. They further apply spot rates for balance sheet items and average rates for income statement accounts.

For instance, if your company is headquartered in the US and has a Canadian subsidiary, you need to convert actuals from CAD to USD to create consolidated GAAP financial statements.

The foreign exchange rate for the period-end data translates balance sheet data, and the average FX rate for the period handles P&L statement items. If you make translation adjustments to account for exchange rate fluctuations, record them properly in the consolidated statements.

Eliminate intercompany transactions (intercompany elimination)

Outlining identification and elimination of intercompany transactions and balances with common pitfall examples.

Consolidation can’t be complete unless you eliminate intercompany transactions, investments, and balances.

For instance, if Subsidiary A sells a product to Subsidiary B, it shows the same transaction as revenue for A but an expense for B. It’s an internal activity, and consolidated statements must reflect it as such, not as external transactions.

Here are the common elimination categories to include:

• Intercompany sales and purchases
• Intercompany loans and interest
• Intercompany dividends and investments
• Management fees and service charges between entities
• Inventory holdings with intercompany profit margins

What if you fail to eliminate intercompany transactions? Inflated revenues, expenses, and assets in consolidated financial statements can lead to a flawed representation of your organization’s financial position.

Intercompany elimination is challenging and time-intensive for companies with complex organizational structures and extensive intercompany activity.

Handle non-controlling interest (NCI) and minority interests

Clarifying accounting procedures for entities not wholly owned by the parent company.

When a company doesn’t own 100% of a subsidiary but holds a majority stake, consolidation involves accounting for non-controlling interests.

The finance team must separately disclose the proportion of equity or net assets in a subsidiary attributed to the parent, whether directly or indirectly.

If the parent consolidates 100% of the subsidiary’s assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses, the proportion held by minority stakeholders doesn’t appear in the equity section of the consolidated statements. It helps ensure that only the parent’s shareholders’ interest is reflected in the consolidated equity section.

Consolidate financials and generate reports

Describing the creation of consolidated balance sheets, P&Ls, and cash flow statements.

The final step to financial consolidation is the generation of consolidated financial statements, including these:

• Consolidated Balance Sheet that shows combined assets, liabilities, and equity
• Consolidated Income Statement that shows group revenues, expenses, and net income
• Consolidated Cash Flow Statement that describes operating, investing, and financing activities
• Notes that describe significant accounting policies, segment information, and other required details

Qualified finance team members then review and analyze consolidated statements to ensure they are accurate and complete. Ideally, they should not include those involved in the consolidation so that you can validate final statements independently.

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Financial Consolidation Methods: Full, Proportionate, and Equity

There are various ways companies use to consolidate financial statements, depending on multiple factors like these:

• Control levels and their stake in the consolidated entity
• Voting rights
• Board representation
• Contractual arrangements

Full consolidation

This method is typically applicable only when the parent company holds a controlling interest, generally over 50% of the voting shares. It combines 100% of all assets, liabilities, and revenues of subsidiaries with those of the parent organization, no matter the actual ownership percentage. Non-controlling interests are disclosed separately in equity and net income.

Equity method

This method applies when the parent company has significant influence but not a controlling interest, i.e., around 20-50% ownership. It doesn’t consolidate the subsidiary companies’ individual assets or liabilities.

The equity consolidation method involves recording the investment as a single line item on the balance sheet, adjusted for the parent’s share of the subsidiary’s profits or losses. This method doesn’t consolidate individual assets or liabilities.

Proportionate consolidation

Formerly used for joint ventures, proportionate consolidation involves consolidating only the parent’s proportionate share of assets, revenues, liabilities, and expenses. However, proportionate consolidation is almost obsolete now as recent accounting standard updates prefer the equity or full consolidation method to it.

Common Financial Consolidation Challenges

The most common challenges in financial consolidation include manual handling, system fragmentation, intercompany complexity, resource allocation issues, and limited visibility.

Data inconsistency and system fragmentation

Different enterprises operate multiple accounting software, ERP systems, general ledgers, or reporting tools across subsidiaries. Consolidating information of various types and formats from disparate sources can be significantly time-consuming.

Another issue in financial consolidation is the diversity of accounting practices, intercompany elimination protocols, and reporting formats across entities. It forces finance teams to spend a lot of time on data reformatting, discrepancy reconciliation, and manual account mapping before consolidation.

Manual processes and high chances of errors

Relying on spreadsheets, emails, and legacy tools to process and consolidate data from fragmented financial systems creates version-control issues and increases the chances of human error.

Manual reconciliation increases the time to complete the consolidation process and overburdens your team, leading to a surge in inefficiencies and inaccuracies.

Intercompany complexity: mergers, transfers, and eliminations

Drilling into practical complications beyond surface-level elimination steps.

Reconciling intercompany transactions can be overwhelming for any company. Without proper automation and tracking, high intercompany activity can delay consolidation.

Plus, reconciling discrepancies manually across multiple entities, time zones, and currencies may be challenging for finance teams to investigate and resolve.

Time constraints and lack of transparency

Inefficient consolidation processes, including manual validation, leave the finance team with little time to meet predefined deadlines.

Consolidating financial statements manually without practicing adequate internal controls increases the risks of data manipulation. Moreover, it also makes it hard to maintain a transparent audit trail for regulators or auditors.

Best Financial Consolidation Practices to Follow

The best practices for financial consolidation include standardizing policies, investing in technology, establishing strong internal controls, and training the team on best practices.

Standardize consolidation policies and procedures globally

No two subsidiaries must follow different policies for intercompany elimination. For that, you must create uniform consolidation processes that align with accounting standards, such as GAAP, IFRS, or local jurisdiction requirements.

Establish standardized reporting packages to ensure you receive consistent information from all subsidiaries. Document your consolidation procedures so every team member understands their roles, responsibilities, and timelines.

Invest in technology and integration

Reconciling intercompany transactions and manually generating final consolidated statements can take longer without guaranteeing 100% accuracy. Therefore, integrate a centralized ERP or automated financial close software with existing systems.

Integrated, AI-powered reconciliation solutions automate transaction matching, reporting, and intercompany eliminations, saving time while enhancing accuracy. It helps create efficient and reliable consolidation cycles.

Strengthen internal controls and documentation

Your finance team runs the show and must not wait for reviews and approvals at every stage of the consolidation process. So, grant complete administrative controls over consolidation to speed up the process.

Further, implement proper approval workflows to ensure a well-rounded review of consolidated financials before finalization. Maintain comprehensive documentation supporting consolidation adjustments for audit purposes. You must also set up data quality controls to identify inconsistencies before consolidation begins.

Train, upskill, and communicate across teams

Unless your financial teams know the best policies, procedures, and systems, you can’t expect consolidation to be successful. So, focus on conducting regular training sessions on consolidation policies, procedures, and systems.

Instead of relying on a few seasoned individuals, train your entire team on fiscal consolidation and institutional knowledge. You can also foster collaboration between the parent company’s finance teams and subsidiary controllers.

Last but not least, a culture of continuous communication between your parent organization and subsidiaries helps keep everyone aligned and avoid last-minute surprises.

The Role of Technology in Modern Financial Consolidation

Covering evolution from Excel to cloud-based, automated, and AI-enabled solutions.

Features of best-in-class consolidation software

Detailing automation, audit trails, real-time dashboards, scenario modeling, and regulatory reporting.

Modern financial consolidation platforms provide capabilities that you can’t achieve with manual methods, as follows:

• Automated fetching of data from multiple ERPs and financial systems
• Intelligent intercompany transaction matching and elimination, along with discrepancy identification
• Multi-currency conversion with automated rate updates
• Comprehensive audit trails that outline every adjustment and approval
• Real-time dashboards that provide visibility into consolidation status
• Scenario modeling for forecasting and what-if analysis
• Regulatory reporting supporting GAAP, IFRS, and local requirements
• Role-based security controls access to sensitive financial data

How automation streamlines the consolidation process?

If you implement suitable software, it minimizes consolidation issues. Companies often resist adopting automated solutions, as they think they can cut the costs of implementing them. However, they end up spending more on resource costs, time, and costly mistakes.

Automation delivers measurable improvements, as follows:

• Accuracy: Eliminates manual data entry errors and calculation mistakes
• Speed: Reduces consolidation time from weeks to days or hours
• Scalability: Handles increasing complexity without proportional staffing increases
• Compliance: Ensures consistent application of accounting standards
• Visibility: Provides real-time status updates and exception reporting
• Efficiency: Frees finance teams for strategic analysis rather than data manipulation

The Future of Financial Consolidation: Trends and Innovations

Financial consolidation is undergoing constant evolution, driven by multiple trends as follows.

• Real-time consolidation is replacing monthly batch processes to provide an up-to-date financial overview. You no longer have to wait until the end of a period, enabling quick decision-making for enhanced financial management.
• Integrated planning and analysis connect consolidation data directly to forecasting, budgeting, and scenario planning tools. It eliminates manual data transfers while ensuring planning based on the latest updated consolidated actuals.
• Cloud-based platforms that allow you to access consolidation systems anytime, anywhere, your data is secured, and automated updates reflect the latest accounting standards.
• AI and machine learning facilitate intelligent anomaly detection, automated intercompany matching, and predictive analytics to identify potential issues before they affect close timelines.

Organizations that invest in these capabilities enjoy faster closes, better insights, and minimized risk to gain a competitive advantage.

Conclusion

If you want your reporting to be accurate and compliant, financial consolidation is indispensable. And you’ll undoubtedly face stretched close cycles, compliance issues, reporting delays, and limited strategic visibility if you keep relying on manual, spreadsheet-based closing practices.

The good news: you can transform your consolidation using automation solutions like Recogent.

Whether it’s automating data collection, eliminating intercompany transactions, handling multi-currency conversions, or generating consolidated statements fast, Recogent can do it all.

The result?

70% faster close cycles, 95% reduction in manual errors, and finance teams focused on strategic analysis instead of data reformatting!

After all, that’s what you’ll love to achieve, won’t you? So, wait no longer and enhance your consolidation processes right away with our AI-powered reconciliation solution.

Transform your financial consolidation process today with Recogent. Click here to book a demo.

FAQs: Financial Consolidation